TUGAS PPA PRAKTIKUM 2

About paragraph alignment, position, and spacing

This topic provides reference information about:

What is a paragraph?

What is the paragraph mark for?

Positioning paragraphs on the page

Positioning text within a paragraph

Changing the vertical space between lines or paragraphs

Controlling paragraph breaks

More information

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What is a paragraph?

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In Microsoft Word, a paragraph is a distinct unit of information that has its own formatting characteristics, such as alignment, spacing, and styles. A paragraph is always followed by a paragraph mark. The way you format paragraphs in a document depends on how you intend to use the document and how you want it to look. Often, you'll format paragraphs differently within the same document. For example, if you’re writing a term paper, you might create a title page that has a center-aligned title in its own paragraph, with your name and the date right-aligned at the bottom of the page in their ownparagraphs. The paper's body paragraphs might be left-aligned, with double line spacing. Your paper might also contain headers, footers, footnotes, or endnotes that are formatted as individual paragraphs.

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What is the paragraph mark for?

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When you open a new, blank document and click

Show/Hideon the Standardtoolbar,you see the insertion point followed by a paragraph mark. The paragraph mark contains all of the formatting for that first paragraph. You can change paragraph formatting either by selecting the paragraph mark and setting its formatting attributes before you start typing, or by typing your text, selecting it alongwith the paragraph mark, and then changing the text's formatting.

 When you press ENTER to end one paragraph and begin another, the resulting new paragraph has the same characteristics as the previous one. For example, to make all the body paragraphs in your term paper left-aligned and double-spaced, you only have to set those attributes for the first paragraph. Pressing ENTER carries the formatting over to the next paragraph.

You can hide or show paragraph marks and other formatting marks by clicking Show/Hide. Showing paragraph marks helps you see where each paragraph ends and makes it easier to select the formatting characteristics you want to change.

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Positioning paragraphs on the page

Several factors determine a paragraph’s position on the page:

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Margins determine the overall widthof the main text area—in other words, the space between the text and the edge of the page. Set page marginsIndentation determines the distance of the paragraph from either the left or right margins.Within margins, you can increase or decrease the indentation of a paragraph or group of paragraphs by using the Increase IndentandDecrease Indent buttons on the Formattingtoolbar. You can also create a negative indent (also known as an outdent), which pulls the paragraph out toward the left margin. Indent paragraphs

Horizontal alignment determines the appear

ance and orientation of the edges of the

paragraph: left-aligned, right-aligned, centered, or justified. For example, in a left-aligned paragraph (the most common alignment), the left edge of the paragraph is flush with the left margin. Change the horizontal alignment of text

Vertical alignment determines the paragraph's position relative to the top and bottom margins. This is useful, for example, when you’re creating a title page, because you can position text precisely at the top or center of the page, or justify the paragraphs so that they’re spaced evenly down the page. Change the vertical alignment of text

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Positioning text within a paragraph

You can indent a single line in a paragraph to set it off from the rest of the paragraph. It's common to create a first-line indent, which moves the first line of a paragraph in by a specified distance but leaves therest of the paragraph where it is. You can also create a hanging indent, in which the first line of the paragraph is not indented, but subsequent lines are. See examples of paragraph indentation.

You can set the indentation of individual lines by using the horizontal ruler, by using the Indentsand Spacingtab (Format menu, Paragraphcommand), or by using Click and Type. Learn about Click and Type.

You can also indent text by using tab stops. Tab stops are best used for formatting single lines of text, especially when you want to set tab stops with leader characters. Tab stops are not recommended for creating complex elements such as columns or tables.

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Changing the vertical space between lines or paragraphs

Line spacingdetermines the amount of vertical space between lines of text in a paragraph. By default, lines are single-spaced, meaning that the spacing accommodates the largest font in that line, plus a small amount of extra space. Learn about line spacing options.Paragraph spacing determines the amount of space above or below a paragraph. If you want to set off a paragraph from other paragraphs on a page, or change the spacing between multiple paragraphs, you can increase the amount of space before them, after them, or both.

Once you set spacing options for lines or paragraphs, the setting becomes part of the

paragraph formatting, and, like other types of paragraph formatting, is contained in the paragraph mark. So, for example, if you're working in a double-spaced paragraph, and then press ENTER to start a new paragraph, not only will the double-space format be applied to the next paragraph; but also to the blank space between the paragraphs.

Adjust line orparagraph spacing.

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Controlling paragraph breaks

When text reaches the end of the page, Word automatically continues it on the next page.

But sometimes you want to keep paragraphs together,

keep lines together, or control widow and orphan lineson one page. For example, a paragraph might lose effectiveness if it were broken up, or if only one line of the paragraph appeared at the beginning of the next page. In those instances, you can select options in Word that keep paragraph text

together.

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More information

v  View format settings for a paragraph

v  Change the look of text by applying character formatting

v  Add a border to text

v  Add shading to a table, a paragraph, or selected text

v  About formatting text by using styles